Which model predicted planetary positions accurately over relatively short time periods?

The model that accurately predicted planetary positions over relatively short time periods is the heliocentric model, which posits that the Sun is at the center of the solar system and the planets orbit around it. While both the geocentric model, which placed the Earth at the center, and the heliocentric model could make reasonably accurate predictions at certain times, the heliocentric model was superior in explaining the motions of planets over time due to its more accurate representation of gravitational interactions and orbital dynamics.

The geocentric model often relied on complex systems of epicycles and deferent circles to account for observed planetary motion, which, although effective for short timeframes, lacked the underlying simplicity and correctness offered by the heliocentric approach. This simplification became evident over longer periods, where the heliocentric model consistently produced more precise predictions of planetary locations.

Thus, while both models had periods where they could generate accurate predictions, the foundational principles of the heliocentric model allowed for greater accuracy and consistency, particularly as observational techniques improved and understanding of celestial mechanics advanced.